楔形文字字符 Cuneiform
U+12000 - U+123FF- 𒀀U+12000
- 𒀁U+12001
- 𒀂U+12002
- 𒀃U+12003
- 𒀄U+12004
- 𒀅U+12005
- 𒀆U+12006
- 𒀇U+12007
- 𒀈U+12008
- 𒀉U+12009
- 𒀊U+1200A
- 𒀋U+1200B
- 𒀌U+1200C
- 𒀍U+1200D
- 𒀎U+1200E
- 𒀏U+1200F
- 𒀐U+12010
- 𒀑U+12011
- 𒀒U+12012
- 𒀓U+12013
- 𒀔U+12014
- 𒀕U+12015
- 𒀖U+12016
- 𒀗U+12017
- 𒀘U+12018
- 𒀙U+12019
- 𒀚U+1201A
- 𒀛U+1201B
- 𒀜U+1201C
- 𒀝U+1201D
- 𒀞U+1201E
- 𒀟U+1201F
- 𒀠U+12020
- 𒀡U+12021
- 𒀢U+12022
- 𒀣U+12023
- 𒀤U+12024
- 𒀥U+12025
- 𒀦U+12026
- 𒀧U+12027
- 𒀨U+12028
- 𒀩U+12029
- 𒀪U+1202A
- 𒀫U+1202B
- 𒀬U+1202C
- 𒀭U+1202D
- 𒀮U+1202E
- 𒀯U+1202F
- 𒀰U+12030
- 𒀱U+12031
- 𒀲U+12032
- 𒀳U+12033
- 𒀴U+12034
- 𒀵U+12035
- 𒀶U+12036
- 𒀷U+12037
- 𒀸U+12038
- 𒀹U+12039
- 𒀺U+1203A
- 𒀻U+1203B
- 𒀼U+1203C
- 𒀽U+1203D
- 𒀾U+1203E
- 𒀿U+1203F
- 𒁀U+12040
- 𒁁U+12041
- 𒁂U+12042
- 𒁃U+12043
- 𒁄U+12044
- 𒁅U+12045
- 𒁆U+12046
- 𒁇U+12047
- 𒁈U+12048
- 𒁉U+12049
- 𒁊U+1204A
- 𒁋U+1204B
- 𒁌U+1204C
- 𒁍U+1204D
- 𒁎U+1204E
- 𒁏U+1204F
- 𒁐U+12050
- 𒁑U+12051
- 𒁒U+12052
- 𒁓U+12053
- 𒁔U+12054
- 𒁕U+12055
- 𒁖U+12056
- 𒁗U+12057
- 𒁘U+12058
- 𒁙U+12059
- 𒁚U+1205A
- 𒁛U+1205B
- 𒁜U+1205C
- 𒁝U+1205D
- 𒁞U+1205E
- 𒁟U+1205F
- 𒁠U+12060
- 𒁡U+12061
- 𒁢U+12062
- 𒁣U+12063
- 𒁤U+12064
- 𒁥U+12065
- 𒁦U+12066
- 𒁧U+12067
- 𒁨U+12068
- 𒁩U+12069
- 𒁪U+1206A
- 𒁫U+1206B
- 𒁬U+1206C
- 𒁭U+1206D
- 𒁮U+1206E
- 𒁯U+1206F
- 𒁰U+12070
- 𒁱U+12071
- 𒁲U+12072
- 𒁳U+12073
- 𒁴U+12074
- 𒁵U+12075
- 𒁶U+12076
- 𒁷U+12077
- 𒁸U+12078
- 𒁹U+12079
- 𒁺U+1207A
- 𒁻U+1207B
- 𒁼U+1207C
- 𒁽U+1207D
- 𒁾U+1207E
- 𒁿U+1207F
- 𒂀U+12080
- 𒂁U+12081
- 𒂂U+12082
- 𒂃U+12083
- 𒂄U+12084
- 𒂅U+12085
- 𒂆U+12086
- 𒂇U+12087
- 𒂈U+12088
- 𒂉U+12089
- 𒂊U+1208A
- 𒂋U+1208B
- 𒂌U+1208C
- 𒂍U+1208D
- 𒂎U+1208E
- 𒂏U+1208F
- 𒂐U+12090
- 𒂑U+12091
- 𒂒U+12092
- 𒂓U+12093
- 𒂔U+12094
- 𒂕U+12095
- 𒂖U+12096
- 𒂗U+12097
- 𒂘U+12098
- 𒂙U+12099
- 𒂚U+1209A
- 𒂛U+1209B
- 𒂜U+1209C
- 𒂝U+1209D
- 𒂞U+1209E
- 𒂟U+1209F
- 𒂠U+120A0
- 𒂡U+120A1
- 𒂢U+120A2
- 𒂣U+120A3
- 𒂤U+120A4
- 𒂥U+120A5
- 𒂦U+120A6
- 𒂧U+120A7
- 𒂨U+120A8
- 𒂩U+120A9
- 𒂪U+120AA
- 𒂫U+120AB
- 𒂬U+120AC
- 𒂭U+120AD
- 𒂮U+120AE
- 𒂯U+120AF
- 𒂰U+120B0
- 𒂱U+120B1
- 𒂲U+120B2
- 𒂳U+120B3
- 𒂴U+120B4
- 𒂵U+120B5
- 𒂶U+120B6
- 𒂷U+120B7
- 𒂸U+120B8
- 𒂹U+120B9
- 𒂺U+120BA
- 𒂻U+120BB
- 𒂼U+120BC
- 𒂽U+120BD
- 𒂾U+120BE
- 𒂿U+120BF
- 𒃀U+120C0
- 𒃁U+120C1
- 𒃂U+120C2
- 𒃃U+120C3
- 𒃄U+120C4
- 𒃅U+120C5
- 𒃆U+120C6
- 𒃇U+120C7
- 𒃈U+120C8
- 𒃉U+120C9
- 𒃊U+120CA
- 𒃋U+120CB
- 𒃌U+120CC
- 𒃍U+120CD
- 𒃎U+120CE
- 𒃏U+120CF
- 𒃐U+120D0
- 𒃑U+120D1
- 𒃒U+120D2
- 𒃓U+120D3
- 𒃔U+120D4
- 𒃕U+120D5
- 𒃖U+120D6
- 𒃗U+120D7
- 𒃘U+120D8
- 𒃙U+120D9
- 𒃚U+120DA
- 𒃛U+120DB
- 𒃜U+120DC
- 𒃝U+120DD
- 𒃞U+120DE
- 𒃟U+120DF
- 𒃠U+120E0
- 𒃡U+120E1
- 𒃢U+120E2
- 𒃣U+120E3
- 𒃤U+120E4
- 𒃥U+120E5
- 𒃦U+120E6
- 𒃧U+120E7
- 𒃨U+120E8
- 𒃩U+120E9
- 𒃪U+120EA
- 𒃫U+120EB
- 𒃬U+120EC
- 𒃭U+120ED
- 𒃮U+120EE
- 𒃯U+120EF
- 𒃰U+120F0
- 𒃱U+120F1
- 𒃲U+120F2
- 𒃳U+120F3
- 𒃴U+120F4
- 𒃵U+120F5
- 𒃶U+120F6
- 𒃷U+120F7
- 𒃸U+120F8
- 𒃹U+120F9
- 𒃺U+120FA
- 𒃻U+120FB
- 𒃼U+120FC
- 𒃽U+120FD
- 𒃾U+120FE
- 𒃿U+120FF
- 𒄀U+12100
- 𒄁U+12101
- 𒄂U+12102
- 𒄃U+12103
- 𒄄U+12104
- 𒄅U+12105
- 𒄆U+12106
- 𒄇U+12107
- 𒄈U+12108
- 𒄉U+12109
- 𒄊U+1210A
- 𒄋U+1210B
- 𒄌U+1210C
- 𒄍U+1210D
- 𒄎U+1210E
- 𒄏U+1210F
- 𒄐U+12110
- 𒄑U+12111
- 𒄒U+12112
- 𒄓U+12113
- 𒄔U+12114
- 𒄕U+12115
- 𒄖U+12116
- 𒄗U+12117
- 𒄘U+12118
- 𒄙U+12119
- 𒄚U+1211A
- 𒄛U+1211B
- 𒄜U+1211C
- 𒄝U+1211D
- 𒄞U+1211E
- 𒄟U+1211F
- 𒄠U+12120
- 𒄡U+12121
- 𒄢U+12122
- 𒄣U+12123
- 𒄤U+12124
- 𒄥U+12125
- 𒄦U+12126
- 𒄧U+12127
- 𒄨U+12128
- 𒄩U+12129
- 𒄪U+1212A
- 𒄫U+1212B
- 𒄬U+1212C
- 𒄭U+1212D
- 𒄮U+1212E
- 𒄯U+1212F
- 𒄰U+12130
- 𒄱U+12131
- 𒄲U+12132
- 𒄳U+12133
- 𒄴U+12134
- 𒄵U+12135
- 𒄶U+12136
- 𒄷U+12137
- 𒄸U+12138
- 𒄹U+12139
- 𒄺U+1213A
- 𒄻U+1213B
- 𒄼U+1213C
- 𒄽U+1213D
- 𒄾U+1213E
- 𒄿U+1213F
- 𒅀U+12140
- 𒅁U+12141
- 𒅂U+12142
- 𒅃U+12143
- 𒅄U+12144
- 𒅅U+12145
- 𒅆U+12146
- 𒅇U+12147
- 𒅈U+12148
- 𒅉U+12149
- 𒅊U+1214A
- 𒅋U+1214B
- 𒅌U+1214C
- 𒅍U+1214D
- 𒅎U+1214E
- 𒅏U+1214F
- 𒅐U+12150
- 𒅑U+12151
- 𒅒U+12152
- 𒅓U+12153
- 𒅔U+12154
- 𒅕U+12155
- 𒅖U+12156
- 𒅗U+12157
- 𒅘U+12158
- 𒅙U+12159
- 𒅚U+1215A
- 𒅛U+1215B
- 𒅜U+1215C
- 𒅝U+1215D
- 𒅞U+1215E
- 𒅟U+1215F
- 𒅠U+12160
- 𒅡U+12161
- 𒅢U+12162
- 𒅣U+12163
- 𒅤U+12164
- 𒅥U+12165
- 𒅦U+12166
- 𒅧U+12167
- 𒅨U+12168
- 𒅩U+12169
- 𒅪U+1216A
- 𒅫U+1216B
- 𒅬U+1216C
- 𒅭U+1216D
- 𒅮U+1216E
- 𒅯U+1216F
- 𒅰U+12170
- 𒅱U+12171
- 𒅲U+12172
- 𒅳U+12173
- 𒅴U+12174
- 𒅵U+12175
- 𒅶U+12176
- 𒅷U+12177
- 𒅸U+12178
- 𒅹U+12179
- 𒅺U+1217A
- 𒅻U+1217B
- 𒅼U+1217C
- 𒅽U+1217D
- 𒅾U+1217E
- 𒅿U+1217F
- 𒆀U+12180
- 𒆁U+12181
- 𒆂U+12182
- 𒆃U+12183
- 𒆄U+12184
- 𒆅U+12185
- 𒆆U+12186
- 𒆇U+12187
- 𒆈U+12188
- 𒆉U+12189
- 𒆊U+1218A
- 𒆋U+1218B
- 𒆌U+1218C
- 𒆍U+1218D
- 𒆎U+1218E
- 𒆏U+1218F
- 𒆐U+12190
- 𒆑U+12191
- 𒆒U+12192
- 𒆓U+12193
- 𒆔U+12194
- 𒆕U+12195
- 𒆖U+12196
- 𒆗U+12197
- 𒆘U+12198
- 𒆙U+12199
- 𒆚U+1219A
- 𒆛U+1219B
- 𒆜U+1219C
- 𒆝U+1219D
- 𒆞U+1219E
- 𒆟U+1219F
- 𒆠U+121A0
- 𒆡U+121A1
- 𒆢U+121A2
- 𒆣U+121A3
- 𒆤U+121A4
- 𒆥U+121A5
- 𒆦U+121A6
- 𒆧U+121A7
- 𒆨U+121A8
- 𒆩U+121A9
- 𒆪U+121AA
- 𒆫U+121AB
- 𒆬U+121AC
- 𒆭U+121AD
- 𒆮U+121AE
- 𒆯U+121AF
- 𒆰U+121B0
- 𒆱U+121B1
- 𒆲U+121B2
- 𒆳U+121B3
- 𒆴U+121B4
- 𒆵U+121B5
- 𒆶U+121B6
- 𒆷U+121B7
- 𒆸U+121B8
- 𒆹U+121B9
- 𒆺U+121BA
- 𒆻U+121BB
- 𒆼U+121BC
- 𒆽U+121BD
- 𒆾U+121BE
- 𒆿U+121BF
- 𒇀U+121C0
- 𒇁U+121C1
- 𒇂U+121C2
- 𒇃U+121C3
- 𒇄U+121C4
- 𒇅U+121C5
- 𒇆U+121C6
- 𒇇U+121C7
- 𒇈U+121C8
- 𒇉U+121C9
- 𒇊U+121CA
- 𒇋U+121CB
- 𒇌U+121CC
- 𒇍U+121CD
- 𒇎U+121CE
- 𒇏U+121CF
- 𒇐U+121D0
- 𒇑U+121D1
- 𒇒U+121D2
- 𒇓U+121D3
- 𒇔U+121D4
- 𒇕U+121D5
- 𒇖U+121D6
- 𒇗U+121D7
- 𒇘U+121D8
- 𒇙U+121D9
- 𒇚U+121DA
- 𒇛U+121DB
- 𒇜U+121DC
- 𒇝U+121DD
- 𒇞U+121DE
- 𒇟U+121DF
- 𒇠U+121E0
- 𒇡U+121E1
- 𒇢U+121E2
- 𒇣U+121E3
- 𒇤U+121E4
- 𒇥U+121E5
- 𒇦U+121E6
- 𒇧U+121E7
- 𒇨U+121E8
- 𒇩U+121E9
- 𒇪U+121EA
- 𒇫U+121EB
- 𒇬U+121EC
- 𒇭U+121ED
- 𒇮U+121EE
- 𒇯U+121EF
- 𒇰U+121F0
- 𒇱U+121F1
- 𒇲U+121F2
- 𒇳U+121F3
- 𒇴U+121F4
- 𒇵U+121F5
- 𒇶U+121F6
- 𒇷U+121F7
- 𒇸U+121F8
- 𒇹U+121F9
- 𒇺U+121FA
- 𒇻U+121FB
- 𒇼U+121FC
- 𒇽U+121FD
- 𒇾U+121FE
- 𒇿U+121FF
- 𒈀U+12200
- 𒈁U+12201
- 𒈂U+12202
- 𒈃U+12203
- 𒈄U+12204
- 𒈅U+12205
- 𒈆U+12206
- 𒈇U+12207
- 𒈈U+12208
- 𒈉U+12209
- 𒈊U+1220A
- 𒈋U+1220B
- 𒈌U+1220C
- 𒈍U+1220D
- 𒈎U+1220E
- 𒈏U+1220F
- 𒈐U+12210
- 𒈑U+12211
- 𒈒U+12212
- 𒈓U+12213
- 𒈔U+12214
- 𒈕U+12215
- 𒈖U+12216
- 𒈗U+12217
- 𒈘U+12218
- 𒈙U+12219
- 𒈚U+1221A
- 𒈛U+1221B
- 𒈜U+1221C
- 𒈝U+1221D
- 𒈞U+1221E
- 𒈟U+1221F
- 𒈠U+12220
- 𒈡U+12221
- 𒈢U+12222
- 𒈣U+12223
- 𒈤U+12224
- 𒈥U+12225
- 𒈦U+12226
- 𒈧U+12227
- 𒈨U+12228
- 𒈩U+12229
- 𒈪U+1222A
- 𒈫U+1222B
- 𒈬U+1222C
- 𒈭U+1222D
- 𒈮U+1222E
- 𒈯U+1222F
- 𒈰U+12230
- 𒈱U+12231
- 𒈲U+12232
- 𒈳U+12233
- 𒈴U+12234
- 𒈵U+12235
- 𒈶U+12236
- 𒈷U+12237
- 𒈸U+12238
- 𒈹U+12239
- 𒈺U+1223A
- 𒈻U+1223B
- 𒈼U+1223C
- 𒈽U+1223D
- 𒈾U+1223E
- 𒈿U+1223F
- 𒉀U+12240
- 𒉁U+12241
- 𒉂U+12242
- 𒉃U+12243
- 𒉄U+12244
- 𒉅U+12245
- 𒉆U+12246
- 𒉇U+12247
- 𒉈U+12248
- 𒉉U+12249
- 𒉊U+1224A
- 𒉋U+1224B
- 𒉌U+1224C
- 𒉍U+1224D
- 𒉎U+1224E
- 𒉏U+1224F
- 𒉐U+12250
- 𒉑U+12251
- 𒉒U+12252
- 𒉓U+12253
- 𒉔U+12254
- 𒉕U+12255
- 𒉖U+12256
- 𒉗U+12257
- 𒉘U+12258
- 𒉙U+12259
- 𒉚U+1225A
- 𒉛U+1225B
- 𒉜U+1225C
- 𒉝U+1225D
- 𒉞U+1225E
- 𒉟U+1225F
- 𒉠U+12260
- 𒉡U+12261
- 𒉢U+12262
- 𒉣U+12263
- 𒉤U+12264
- 𒉥U+12265
- 𒉦U+12266
- 𒉧U+12267
- 𒉨U+12268
- 𒉩U+12269
- 𒉪U+1226A
- 𒉫U+1226B
- 𒉬U+1226C
- 𒉭U+1226D
- 𒉮U+1226E
- 𒉯U+1226F
- 𒉰U+12270
- 𒉱U+12271
- 𒉲U+12272
- 𒉳U+12273
- 𒉴U+12274
- 𒉵U+12275
- 𒉶U+12276
- 𒉷U+12277
- 𒉸U+12278
- 𒉹U+12279
- 𒉺U+1227A
- 𒉻U+1227B
- 𒉼U+1227C
- 𒉽U+1227D
- 𒉾U+1227E
- 𒉿U+1227F
- 𒊀U+12280
- 𒊁U+12281
- 𒊂U+12282
- 𒊃U+12283
- 𒊄U+12284
- 𒊅U+12285
- 𒊆U+12286
- 𒊇U+12287
- 𒊈U+12288
- 𒊉U+12289
- 𒊊U+1228A
- 𒊋U+1228B
- 𒊌U+1228C
- 𒊍U+1228D
- 𒊎U+1228E
- 𒊏U+1228F
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楔形文字是源于底格里斯河和幼发拉底河流域的古老文字,约公元前3200年左右由苏美尔人发明,是世界上最早的文字之一。在其约3000年的历史中,楔形文字由最初的象形文字系统,字形结构逐渐简化和抽象化,文字数目由青铜时代早期的约1000个,减至青铜时代后期约400个。已被发现的楔形文字多写于泥板上,少数写于石头、金属或蜡板上。书吏使用削尖的芦苇杆或木棒在软泥板上刻写,软泥板经过晒或烤后变得坚硬,不易变形。楔形文字被许多古代文明用来书写其语言,但这些语言之间并不一定属于相同关联的语系,例如赫梯人和波斯帝国同样采用楔形文字,但这两个语言是与苏美尔语无关的印欧语系。另外阿卡德人虽然也采用楔形文字做为书写工具,但阿卡德语和苏美尔语差异相当多。由于多在泥板上刻画,所以线条笔直形同楔形,使用芦苇杆或木棒来压印在泥板上来方便书写,因此文字笔画大都为具三角形的线条,而字形也随着文明演变,逐渐由多变的象形文字统一固定为音节符号。英语的cuneiform源于拉丁语,是cuneus(楔子)和forma(形状)两个单词构成的复合词,而阿拉伯人则称之为“الخط المسماري”(al-khaṭṭ al-mismārī,意思是“钉头文字”)。
楔形文字在1618年于波斯阿卡曼尼王朝的首都波斯波利斯首次被发现,早前被认为是建筑上的装饰图形,后来于1657年首度被抄录出版,但直到1712年,才开始有学者解读这些失落的古文字。1765年,德国学者尼布尔在波斯古都波斯波利斯附近的村庄比希屯(Bihitun)发现一个摩崖石刻并拓得铭文摹本,此贝希斯敦铭文引起西方学术界重视。此后经英、法、德、丹麦、爱尔兰等国的学者们一百多年的钻研,这种文字才得以逐渐破解,其中英国人罗林森的贡献较为突出。
楔形文字的破译与古埃及象形文字的破译过程非常相似,依靠位在伊朗西部山壁上发现的贝希斯敦铭文来进行破译工程。破译方法是从古希腊人记述的一则波斯碑文,人们已知其希腊文内容,可以与后来发现的相应的波斯楔形文字的原文相互对照。但这种楔形文字与苏米尔、巴比伦和亚述的楔形文字无共同之处。直至18世纪末到19世纪,其他楔形文字才一一被解读出来。解读顺序如下:波斯楔形文字-新埃兰楔形文字-巴比伦楔形文字-苏米尔楔形文字(因苏美尔与其他楔形文字所属的语系完全不同)。后来考古发现,现在称为楔形文字的美索不达米亚古代文字,其实是起源于图画式象形文字,最初的文字外观形象不像楔形,只是一些平版图形。这些古老文字表达较为直接且写法也相当简单,并用复合符号方式来表达复杂或抽象的概念,后来还发展类似中国文字般一字多义的符号。随着文明进展与交流范围增广,需要愈来愈多的表达的事物,原始的象形图示已不符合需求,于是苏美尔人用简化符号与增加代表意义,将文字改变为表意文字,由图形引申出符号意义。苏美尔人随着征服领土渐增,于是再进一步用发音符号代替表意符号,最后发展出表词音节文字,逐渐用楔形符号代替象形符号,最后确立了以音节表意的楔形文字。
当一个楔形文字用于单词拼写或在句子中充当语法结构时,原来该字表示的意思便不复存在,如苏美尔语中的AN,词意为“天”或者作为/an/的音符:ba-an-dù(他建造)中,AN表示主语是第三人称,于“天”的意思无关,读作diĝir则意为“神”。在阿卡德语中借用了该字符表示“神”的意思,但读作ilum,ilu,il,后来发展成了一新音符/il/(igi眼),作为数词“千”时读lim,或构成单词a-wi-lim人的。